The Ethical Dilemmas Of Abortion - 930 Words

Benchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas Abortion is one of the most controversial topics in the world today. There are many reasons and debates as to when, why or if a woman should have an abortion. One of the most controversial debates on this is when a woman finds out that their unborn child may have a deformity of some sort. In this paper, I will talk about abortion due to a woman carrying a child with Downs Syndrome and how this can be an immoral decision. Ethical Dilemma A woman named Susan had recently found out that her unborn child had Downs Syndrome. She had asked the advice of a professor he had informed her that it would be immoral to have the baby as the baby would suffer and cause her suffering as well. When a woman is faced with the dilemma of having to choose whether to keep a child or abort it, it can become a very hard ethical decision. With this being said, though, we should never take the life of an innocent child. All children are gifts from God and even though they may be born with a handicap or disability that does mean that they do not have the right to live a happy life. There are two options that a woman has and that is to carry the baby to term and give the child up for adoption or carry the baby to term and raise the child herself. There are several people that would love to have a child and are unable to conceive so by giving the child up for adoption this could provide a loving family with a child. If she chooses to keep the c hild and raise theShow MoreRelatedAbortion Ethical Dilemma1643 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion Ethical Dilemma An 18 year old girl gets pregnant and can’t decide whether to keep the baby or have an abortion. Her parents are very religious and do not believe in sex before marriage therefore would not take to kindly to their daughter being pregnant. She does not want to kill her unborn child but feels like there is no other option besides having an abortion. There are many reasons that one would decide upon getting an abortion and againstRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1163 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many ethical dilemmas in the world today such as euthanasia, performance enhancing drugs, pornography, abortion and more. Someone’s worldview is often a big contributor in the decisions they make in regards to the dilemma. Abortion is one of today’s most contested ethical dilemmas (Beattie, 2011). Susan is a mother that is debating whether she should have an abortion or not. Her ethical dilemma case will be analyzed and compared from a Christian worldview perspective and other worldly perspectivesRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma On Abortion1703 Words   |  7 PagesMuldrow CWV-101 6/22/15 Professor James Waddell Ethical Dilemma on Abortion There are many common pregnancy alternatives, but most often the resulting decision is abortion because it is effortless. Abortion is endings a women’s pregnancy by removing or forcing a fetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before it is able to survive on its own. Not all abortions are purposely done some are spontaneous like when a women that has a miscarriage. Rather abortion is done purposely or naturally it is a worldwideRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1036 Words   |  5 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas One of the most controversial dilemmas occurring today is the topic of abortion. Some believe that a pregnant woman has the choice to end the life of their unborn child if the mother decides that this is what she wants, especially because the child has not been born and walked this earth yet. Others feel that if the woman chooses to have an abortion, the woman would be considered a murderer because she is ending the life of another human. There is also the grayRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1312 Words   |  6 PagesInduced abortion is the deliberate ending of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable or capable of surviving outside a female’s body. Abortion has been practiced in every culture since the beginning of civilization† (Kaplan, Tischauser Chara, 2015). Abortion is one of many controversial issues. It is a topic that is widely debated among many people. Abortion is a difficult topic of discussion, when the baby is a product or rape, or has Down syndrom e or deformities. According to my Christian worldviewRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1102 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermines what is ethical and what is not? Can someone determine what is right simply relying on what they feel? Or does something drive them to know what is wrong or right? In the case of abortion, one would may ask: Is the fetus a person? At what stage in its development does, it becomes a person? Does any women have the right to decide if she is going to carry the baby to term or not? (Boyle, 2004) This paper will identify the ethical dilemma of abortion, core beliefs of abortion, and possible resolutionsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1319 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is a divisive problem in our time, and it is one that is difficult to solve as each side comes from very different initial premises. As Judith Jarvis Thomson points out, anti-abortionists rely on the premise that foetus’ are persons, and therefore are morally equivalent to human beings.1 Conversely, pro-choice advocates typically come from the premise that, as Mary Anne Warren suggests â€Å"foetuses are neither persons nor members of the moral community.† The key ethical schism, is around theRead MoreAbortion: An ethical dilemma.1944 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion, the intentional termination of a pregnancy through surgical or medical devices, was legalized in 1973. This issue of abortion has caused a great segregation in our country. Often the debate is thought to be conservative versus liberal, republican versus democrat, but more accurately it is pro-life versus pro choice. A pro-life stance opposes the belief that a woman should have the freedom to choose an abortion in the case that for any reason she does not want to have a baby. Pro-choiceRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma About Abortion Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pageswill be faced with some sort of dilemma that tests their morals and values. They will encounter a situation that forces them to wei gh the good and bad against beliefs they have held their entire life and make a decision that could affect their life forever. Those core beliefs are what influences the person’s decisions, their sense of right and wrong as well as their perceptions about every situation they face. This paper will evaluate an ethical dilemma about abortion in relation to the Christian worldviewRead More Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion In our society, there are many ethical dilemmas that we are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that we are faced with is abortion. There are many strong arguments both for and against the right to have an abortion which are so complicated that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the different aspects of the argument. The essence of a person, rights, and who

The Ethics of Animal Testing for Vaccine Development and...

Animal testing is important to ensure the safety of a variety of products, specifically pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices used for surgery and other treatments. It has also been used throughout history for various purposes. Once an unregulated practice, today there are laws, regulations, and requirements associated with the ethical use of animal models. In the United States, animal studies are now required before moving on to clinical trials. Legalities aside, controversy still arises between scientists, and public opinion can vary from unconcerned to extreme. The practice of vaccination is an important part of maintaining public health, and it has proven to be beneficial to both humans and animals. In regard to vaccine†¦show more content†¦At the time, Jenner had no way of knowing the cause of disease. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms were the cause of infectious diseases in the late 19th century. The work of Koch and other microbiologists of the t ime enabled us to extend vaccine strategies to other diseases.3 Animal testing has become an important stage in vaccine development. The first stages are exploratory and involve basic laboratory research. Methods of treatment, such as natural or synthetic antigens, are identified; this process may take an average of 2-4 years. The pre-clinical stage involves animal testing and may take an additional 1-2 years. Information gathered is used to determine the safety and potential success or failure of the vaccine. Scientists also use animal studies to try to determine what immune responses the vaccine may elicit in humans, as well as a safe starting dose and a safe method of administration.4 There are two major advantages gained through animal testing that cannot be acquired during the clinical stage. During the pre-clinical stage, scientists may alter the vaccine to increase its effectiveness, and they are also able to conduct challenge studies. A challenge study involves trying to infect the vaccinated animals in order to determine if the vaccine has been successful.4 Before such practices wereShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation And Animal Testing1261 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst animal experimentation. The report begins with an introduction briefly outlining what animal experimentation refers to, introducing the three perspectives and highlighting the intention behind this investigation. The report then explores the positive and negative medical aspect of animal experimentation stating that it has resulted in vital vaccines benefitting both humans and animals, but also accepting it is not always reliable. The advantages and disadvantages of animal testing on consumerRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Experimentation927 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries, the ethics of animal experimentation in the biomedical field have been questioned. The primary concern is whether the animals used in research outweigh the pain the animals endure. Animal rights activists will argue that there are new alternatives, which are more accurate than animal testing. The success of animal trials has continued the use by scientists within the medical field. Additionally, testing on animals eliminate harm to humans. The first Animal Cruelty Act was created inRead MoreDrug Development Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesDrug development This entire section on drug development highlights concerns which are very particular to the industry. They therefore lead to the implementation of CSR activities which are also very industry specific, although aspects such as animal testing and ethics in research can be shared by other industries such as the cosmetics industry, or the medical device sector for instance. Need for RD and innovation Today, the need for RD and innovation is great, maybe greater than ever. In theRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1155 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Testing Animal experiments happen all over the world, but are they necessary? Animals are tested for medical research as well as for cosmetics. Some say that these experiments are not painful, so they are justified. Where others believe that all these experiments are inhumane and nothing can justify torturing and killing innocent animals. Although many believe that animal testing is the best way to improve human health by finding new treatments and tests for the safety of the productsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Vs Animal Testing1917 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing Vs. Medical Research Animal experiments happen all over the world, but are they necessary? People have different feelings for animals; many looks upon animals as companions while others view animals as a means for advancing medical techniques or furthering experimental research. Some say that these experiments are not painful, so they are justified. Where others believe that all these experiments are inhumane, and nothing can justify torturing and killing innocent animals. AlthoughRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned? Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesBan Animal Testing in Laboratories Vivisection or the use of live animals for testing is used for many experiments including cosmetic testing and psychological. Vivisection has been used by researchers since 500 BC and many life-saving treatments have been developed this way (animal-testing.procon.org). In 1921 dogs were used in experiments in which they had their pancreases removed and led to the discovery of insulin which has saved the lives of diabetics. The polio vaccine was tested on animalsRead MoreDo Animals Have Rights. Animals Are Used To Test The Products3736 Words   |  15 PagesDo Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there must first beRead More Do Animals Have Rights Essay3736 Words   |  15 PagesDo Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there mustRead More The Controversial Issue of Animal Ethics Essay2579 Words   |  11 PagesThe Controversial Issue of Animal Ethics The struggle against sickness and disease is not over, yet medical progress is being threatened by activists who would end the use of laboratory animals in the search for treatment and cures. Their well financed anti-research disinformation campaign is not the only weapon used by animal rights activists. The more extreme animal rights activists have used tactics of intimidation and terrorism, for example: April 26,1997, activists were arrested whenRead MoreInnovation Management : The Innovation Of Vaccines1987 Words   |  8 PagesThe innovation of vaccines Student number: 100090338 Word count: 1450 words Contents Introduction 1 Innovation types 1 The contribution of vaccines 2 Contribution of human history 2 Contribution of socio-economic 3 The disadvantages of vaccines 4 Side effects 4 To make experiments on animals

Why Is Assessment Important Free Essays

4 Why is assessment for learning important? Adopting strategies that support Assessment for Learning can transform learning and teaching and take away the stigma that haunts assessment. In fact, research has shown that Assessment for Learning can have a significant effect on how well pupils achieve in terms of their attainment, behaviour, motivation, engagement and their ability to work independently. a) It Improves Performance -Black and William’s 1998 literature review examined 250 research articles from 160 journals published over a nine-year period. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Assessment Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this, they documented significant, and often substantial, quantifiable learning gains due to Assessment for Learning practices. Their review of over 20 studies on classroom assessment showed increases in primary and post-primary performance ranging from 15 to 30% compared to control groups. In post-primary, differential effects were measured at approximately half a level at Key Stage 3, over half a grade at GCSE, and two full grades at GCSE after two to three years. They concluded that no other single improvement initiative improved performance levels to the extent that formative assessment did. Subsequent research in UK schools has substantiated these figures. For instance, research conducted in primary schools through the Gillingham Partnership’s Formative Assessment Project 2002 indicated improved standardised test scores in reading and numeracy as well as improvements in writing levels. Learning b) It Increases Learning Independence – Pupils who understand their own goals and their role in learning are more independent in managing their learning; they know what to do, how they have to work and take more responsibility for their own learning and assessment. Assessment for Learning helps cultivate these valuable skills by giving pupils a role in determining these components of the learning as well as experience in providing feedback and assessing themselves and their peers. The learning is no longer something they receive; it becomes something they pursue and have a hand in shaping. This can help learners later in life as well as in the classroom. c) It Improves Morale, Motivation and Risk-Taking – Knowing the goals and success indicators may help pupils to gain learning independence, but they are not the only influencing factors. Morale and motivation are also pivotal components, and here, too, Assessment for Learning plays an important role. Black and William found that many assessment approaches used in classrooms compare pupils with one another – particularly those that focus on marks and grades. Evidence shows that pupils interpret the prime purpose of these assessments to be competition rather than personal improvement. As a result, feedback from these types of assessment actually reduces pupil morale. It teaches them, particularly low-attaining pupils, that they lack ability, leading them to believe they are unable to learn. ) It Enhances Relationships and Reflection – Assessment for Learning also helps foster a more positive classroom environment. It strengthens teacher-pupil relationships by increasing two-way communication. These interactions can make them more motivated to learn and more aware of their learning. Assessment for Learning can also improve planning and delivery of learning . This is because these practices lead you to analyse and make learning specific to pupils. It creates an opportunity to quality assure and amend activities to ensure they meet the learning needs. How to cite Why Is Assessment Important, Essay examples Why Is Assessment Important Free Essays 4 Why is assessment for learning important? Adopting strategies that support Assessment for Learning can transform learning and teaching and take away the stigma that haunts assessment. In fact, research has shown that Assessment for Learning can have a significant effect on how well pupils achieve in terms of their attainment, behaviour, motivation, engagement and their ability to work independently. a) It Improves Performance -Black and William’s 1998 literature review examined 250 research articles from 160 journals published over a nine-year period. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Assessment Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this, they documented significant, and often substantial, quantifiable learning gains due to Assessment for Learning practices. Their review of over 20 studies on classroom assessment showed increases in primary and post-primary performance ranging from 15 to 30% compared to control groups. In post-primary, differential effects were measured at approximately half a level at Key Stage 3, over half a grade at GCSE, and two full grades at GCSE after two to three years. They concluded that no other single improvement initiative improved performance levels to the extent that formative assessment did. Subsequent research in UK schools has substantiated these figures. For instance, research conducted in primary schools through the Gillingham Partnership’s Formative Assessment Project 2002 indicated improved standardised test scores in reading and numeracy as well as improvements in writing levels. Learning b) It Increases Learning Independence – Pupils who understand their own goals and their role in learning are more independent in managing their learning; they know what to do, how they have to work and take more responsibility for their own learning and assessment. Assessment for Learning helps cultivate these valuable skills by giving pupils a role in determining these components of the learning as well as experience in providing feedback and assessing themselves and their peers. The learning is no longer something they receive; it becomes something they pursue and have a hand in shaping. This can help learners later in life as well as in the classroom. c) It Improves Morale, Motivation and Risk-Taking – Knowing the goals and success indicators may help pupils to gain learning independence, but they are not the only influencing factors. Morale and motivation are also pivotal components, and here, too, Assessment for Learning plays an important role. Black and William found that many assessment approaches used in classrooms compare pupils with one another – particularly those that focus on marks and grades. Evidence shows that pupils interpret the prime purpose of these assessments to be competition rather than personal improvement. As a result, feedback from these types of assessment actually reduces pupil morale. It teaches them, particularly low-attaining pupils, that they lack ability, leading them to believe they are unable to learn. ) It Enhances Relationships and Reflection – Assessment for Learning also helps foster a more positive classroom environment. It strengthens teacher-pupil relationships by increasing two-way communication. These interactions can make them more motivated to learn and more aware of their learning. Assessment for Learning can also improve planning and delivery of learning . This is because these practices lead you to analyse and make learning specific to pupils. It creates an opportunity to quality assure and amend activities to ensure they meet the learning needs. How to cite Why Is Assessment Important, Papers

Mental Health for Communities-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically analyse the influences of attitudes, environment, culture, support systems and adaptive ability on community mental health issues for any specific population. Answer: Introduction The mentality of a person is one of the most important aspects that drive the human activities. Without the ability to think properly people cannot maintain their daily chores of life (Betancourt et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to ensure that the mental health of an individual remains stable. Mental health of an individual may have a negative impact on the normal life of an individual and thereby is affected by the culture, attitude and the environment. The essay focuses on these issues and provides an analysis of the complexity of the mental health issues. The influence of culture, environment and support system is also discussed which provides a proper understanding of the sufferings of the people suffering from mental illness. The essay focuses on the impact of this mental health issue on the children living with single parents and the manner in which the society perceives such children. Discussion According to Schroeder and Peterson (2017), mental health is considered as a well-being based on which an individual can understand the self-abilities and maintain a properly balanced life despite the pressures of life. A person with a sound mental health can assist a community in more than one ways. Scholars have suggested that stability of mental health is a result of the relation that exists between individuals and environmental factors (Patel Saxena, 2014). This includes illness within the family ranging from generations, levels of stress, lifestyle and work behaviour. These factors define the mental health of an individual and consequently provide the ability to contribute towards the wellbeing of a society. Thus, it is important that the mental health of individual conduct activities that deal with maintaining a proper life. In this regard, the individuals need to ensure that certain factors need to be avoided to ensure that the mental health is not harmed. Issues such as underemployment, economic hardship, poverty, raised by a single parent can cause a great deal of stress and lead to mental illness. According to Hickie (2015), mental illness is defined as a type of mental health disorder that mainly occurs due to the existence of anxiety, depression, dementia and other mental characteristics. However, this curable disease can be done after recognising the symptoms and the factors that lead to the occurrence of the disease. The mental illness in a person can be caused by impairment of individual, cognitive and affective abilities. It has been seen that most mental illness arises from the biological and developmental factors and these factors can be managed by the application of various diagnostic diseases such as proper mental treatment and rehabilitation. Thus, the psychological factors affecting the health of an individual are based mainly on the environment and the social factors related to the lives of people. At times, it is seen that people tend to compare mental health with psychological health. Whenever a person with mental disability exists, the comparison starts with the psychology of the individual. However, there exist certain differences between mental health and psychological health. Mental health usually takes place due to many stressful factors at work and personal life. The mentality of an individual needs to be such that the risk factors that exist in the environment are measured based on the stressful factors that exist in the social environment factor of an individual. Cummings et al. (2017) stated that normally the mental health of an individual degrades from the excessive stress at the work place. However, psychological factors also exist in workplaces. Factors such as anxiety, underemployment and stress provided by managers may lead to bipolar disease, schizophrenia and depression. Thus, this is the differences that exist between mental health and mental illness. Based o n this, it can be said that environmental and cultural factors also affect mental health. Harris, Barnett and Bridgman (2018) stated that the social determinants are present that pose a serious threat to the mental health of individuals. These determinants may result from various factors that are present in a society. The factors may be from the personal lives of people as well as from the work place of the people. Most of the times the mental health and illness of the people result based on two main factors. These factors include the culture and the environment. The culture of an individual plays a huge role in the development of the mentality of an individual. As stated by Allen et al. (2014) the mental health of an individual is formed by the manner in which the family responds. The behaviours and attitudes of the family affect the mental health of children, as they tend to learn from the behaviours of the seniors. In this case, it can be said that the children being brought up by a single parent have a severe mental breakdown than children residing with both parents. In this context, Pflum et al. (2015) stated that it is considered as one of the most important analyses done by researchers that provide the facts of mental illness that exists between boys and girls living with both parents. About 8% of the children residing with both parents suffer from any type of mental disorder while the rate increases to 13% for children living with split parents (Clement et al., 2015). This may be because a single parent undoes the responsibility and discipline that are provided by both the parents. Hence, children with single parents are more likely to suffer from a mental breakdown due to lack of family culture. At the same time, these children are treated with disrespect in the society that prompts the occurrence of a mental breakdown. Environmental issue: Another factor that may cause the occurrence of mental health issues in an individual is the environment. According to Kleinman (2015), the environment refers to the existence of society and work place. Often it is seen that pressure from living up to the expectations of the employers and of the society causes stress among the people (Widom, Czaja and DuMont, 2015). The stress factors are related to the ways by which people single out an individual based on the role they play in the society. In the case of children with single parents, the mental pressure arises seeing the job of people with both parents. Depression due to this factor either leads a child to be mentally stable or mentally weak (Mathews et al., 2017). Thus, this important phenomenon provides problems to the children and the family to cope up with a pressure of the environment. However, it can be said that the mental health issue does not always arise from the thoughts and depression suffered by th e individual; sometimes the perception of the society also has an impact in the mental health of an individual. Attitudes: As stated by Van der Kolk (2017) the society and environment are the main cause for the rise of mental health issue in an individual. At the same time, the society shuns accepting people with mental disability and treats the people with disrespect. This proves to be a huge challenge for the people suffering from such problem, as they have to combat the personal issues and the society that makes them a bully. Stereotypes and prejudices are shown by the environment mainly arise due to the behaviour is shown by the mentally challenged people (Widom, Czaja DuMont, 2015). Thus, the people are robbed off various opportunities that may help them to lead a better life and become a stable member of a community. Most scholars have pointed out the fact the occurrence of mental health issue in an individual cannot be attributed to only one phenomenon. Culture: Researches are being held that highlights the stigma that exists in the formation of mental health issues in a human being. Sometimes issues related to race, religious beliefs, cultural background and colour prove to be serious factors for people residing in a society. These factors tend to be the cause of mental issues as people try to exploit these factors to remain away from others. Thus, this leads to mental illness from which the effective bonding of the community comes into question. As observed by Albert (2017) single parent receives the most heat from the society as the children of these parents are abused and bullied by other children. An early age trauma can have a severe impact on the lives of an individual and thus create an opportunity to remain mentally unstable for life. However, certain positive factors also exist that can be derived by the mentally challenged people from the society. Support system: It is important for the support system to nourish the people suffering from mental health disorder. The fact that the health care sectors are pledged to support any type of disease provides hopes for the mentally ill people. It is necessary that the health care centres possess the right diagnostic tool and resources that can help in eradicating this disease (Deresky, 2017). Such infrastructure needs to be based on the creativity of the service providers and the manner in which the people can be diagnosed. It is advised that people suffering from mental disease need to be kept in an environment that provides no stress factors. The diagnosis needs to be done following a systematic approach that begins from the isolation of the people to the slow progress towards interaction with others. All the while, it is important that the records of the service users suffering from such a disease be maintained for the future purpose (Pedersen et al., 2015). Another important support system that needs to be maintained is the family and workplace. At times it is seen that the pressure from family and workplace result in the occurrence of stress factor in an individual (Harms, Clifford Cryer, 2014). Family members need to support one another so that the stress can be reduced and people can lead a wonderful life. In the case of children, being brought up by single parents it is the duty of the existing parent to ensure that the child does not receive any type of harassment while at school or play. Excessive pressure from the workplace often leads to the cause of schizophrenia among people as the peers and employers provide excess workload to the individual. It is to be noted that the recovery of mental health illness of an individual is not an easy process. According to Panayotou (2016), the people suffering from mental illness need to be taken proper care and motivated properly. Adaptive ability: Christian (2015) is of the opinion that a good Samarian tends to help the society and the people residing in it without any discrimination. The fact that these Samarians exist make it possible for the reduced bullying of the people. Thus, children with a single parent can be seen with a sympathetic attitude and proper assistance can be provided that can help them to become a regular member of the society. Assistance can be provided in the form of providing health care help to the people suffering from mental illness. However, Almond and Verba (2015) stated that in the modern day it has been seen that in the modern day people suffering from mental health issues raise their voice against the public. The right to personal recovery and clinical recovery of individuals suffering from such a disease is to be provided by the Government of every country so that the culture of the society and the country can be maintained. The recovery of the mental illness is a long process and it involves patience from the people providing the cure. Although it has been said by Hickie (2015) that mental illness can be cured, the fact that the lifespan of the people suffering from mental health issues varies. It has been seen that the death rate among individuals is high mainly due to the existence of mental pressure. According to Pflum et al. (2015), individuals due to the existence of excess stress commit suicides. The life expectancy of people suffering stress can be low. This is because, in the modern day, the stress is the consistent factor that is the root cause of mental illness. Stress can be experienced at any level of life and it is seen that children also suffer from the same problem. The pressure from the school curriculum activities plays an important factor in the rise of stress level among children. At the same time, it can be said that the children brought up by a single parent suffer from negligence. The life expectancy of these children cannot be determined as these children may live their whole lives and become a better parent than their predecessors ever was. However, the mental stress of these people sometimes results in illegal activities that may be committed. This includes going through frenzy and committing psychological behaviours that may hamper the lives of the person concerned. Thus, this may result in the unexpected death of the person thereby the life expectancy cannot be determined in a proper manner (Harris, Barnett Bridgman, 2018). Another important factor that may be attributed to the cause of a mental issue is the smoking habit of people. Kleinman et al. (2015) stated that most stress-related people solve matters by smoking. They believe that smoking can relax them and relive them from the current stress that they are undergoing. It has been seen that about 21% of the men and 19% of the women population succumb due to the habit of smoking (Van der Kolk, 2017). This is a very high death rate given the fact that the death related to mental illness is very low. Thus, people need to control smoking and ensure that they have a longer life. In this regard, it can be said that the life expectancy of these people ranges until adolescent. Although the death rate, in this case, is measured by the habit of smoking, the fact that this is an indirect consequence to mental health proves that the mental illness of the people make them jeopardise their lives. Widom, Czaja and DuMont (2015) observed that many causes of mental health issue arise from the physical consequences of people. The fact that people may suffer a state of frenzy makes it difficult for most people to maintain their composure. Thus, in this case, the life expectancy can range from childhood to adolescence. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that the mental health of individuals is a result of various factors such as social, environmental and cultural. These factors are a result of the pressures that people feel from work and family. The mentality of an individual is an important aspect as it helps in the growth and success of the individual. Bullying the mentally challenged people may create more stress and cause the people to suffer from depression. The children brought up single parents suffer from such bullying and because of this find it difficult to maintain their stature in the society. This gives rise to severe psychological characteristics that may lower the life expectancy rate of the people. References Albert, V. (2017).From child abuse to permanency planning: Child welfare services pathways and placements. Routledge. Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R., Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health.International Review of Psychiatry,26(4), 392-407. Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Betancourt, T. S., Frounfelker, R., Mishra, T., Hussein, A., Falzarano, R. (2015). Addressing health disparities in the mental health of refugee children and adolescents through community-based participatory research: a study in 2 communities.American journal of public health,105(S3), S475-S482. Christian, C. W. (2015). 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