The Ethical Dilemmas Of Abortion - 930 Words

Benchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas Abortion is one of the most controversial topics in the world today. There are many reasons and debates as to when, why or if a woman should have an abortion. One of the most controversial debates on this is when a woman finds out that their unborn child may have a deformity of some sort. In this paper, I will talk about abortion due to a woman carrying a child with Downs Syndrome and how this can be an immoral decision. Ethical Dilemma A woman named Susan had recently found out that her unborn child had Downs Syndrome. She had asked the advice of a professor he had informed her that it would be immoral to have the baby as the baby would suffer and cause her suffering as well. When a woman is faced with the dilemma of having to choose whether to keep a child or abort it, it can become a very hard ethical decision. With this being said, though, we should never take the life of an innocent child. All children are gifts from God and even though they may be born with a handicap or disability that does mean that they do not have the right to live a happy life. There are two options that a woman has and that is to carry the baby to term and give the child up for adoption or carry the baby to term and raise the child herself. There are several people that would love to have a child and are unable to conceive so by giving the child up for adoption this could provide a loving family with a child. If she chooses to keep the c hild and raise theShow MoreRelatedAbortion Ethical Dilemma1643 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion Ethical Dilemma An 18 year old girl gets pregnant and can’t decide whether to keep the baby or have an abortion. Her parents are very religious and do not believe in sex before marriage therefore would not take to kindly to their daughter being pregnant. She does not want to kill her unborn child but feels like there is no other option besides having an abortion. There are many reasons that one would decide upon getting an abortion and againstRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1163 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many ethical dilemmas in the world today such as euthanasia, performance enhancing drugs, pornography, abortion and more. Someone’s worldview is often a big contributor in the decisions they make in regards to the dilemma. Abortion is one of today’s most contested ethical dilemmas (Beattie, 2011). Susan is a mother that is debating whether she should have an abortion or not. Her ethical dilemma case will be analyzed and compared from a Christian worldview perspective and other worldly perspectivesRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma On Abortion1703 Words   |  7 PagesMuldrow CWV-101 6/22/15 Professor James Waddell Ethical Dilemma on Abortion There are many common pregnancy alternatives, but most often the resulting decision is abortion because it is effortless. Abortion is endings a women’s pregnancy by removing or forcing a fetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before it is able to survive on its own. Not all abortions are purposely done some are spontaneous like when a women that has a miscarriage. Rather abortion is done purposely or naturally it is a worldwideRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1036 Words   |  5 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas One of the most controversial dilemmas occurring today is the topic of abortion. Some believe that a pregnant woman has the choice to end the life of their unborn child if the mother decides that this is what she wants, especially because the child has not been born and walked this earth yet. Others feel that if the woman chooses to have an abortion, the woman would be considered a murderer because she is ending the life of another human. There is also the grayRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1312 Words   |  6 PagesInduced abortion is the deliberate ending of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable or capable of surviving outside a female’s body. Abortion has been practiced in every culture since the beginning of civilization† (Kaplan, Tischauser Chara, 2015). Abortion is one of many controversial issues. It is a topic that is widely debated among many people. Abortion is a difficult topic of discussion, when the baby is a product or rape, or has Down syndrom e or deformities. According to my Christian worldviewRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1102 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermines what is ethical and what is not? Can someone determine what is right simply relying on what they feel? Or does something drive them to know what is wrong or right? In the case of abortion, one would may ask: Is the fetus a person? At what stage in its development does, it becomes a person? Does any women have the right to decide if she is going to carry the baby to term or not? (Boyle, 2004) This paper will identify the ethical dilemma of abortion, core beliefs of abortion, and possible resolutionsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Abortion1319 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is a divisive problem in our time, and it is one that is difficult to solve as each side comes from very different initial premises. As Judith Jarvis Thomson points out, anti-abortionists rely on the premise that foetus’ are persons, and therefore are morally equivalent to human beings.1 Conversely, pro-choice advocates typically come from the premise that, as Mary Anne Warren suggests â€Å"foetuses are neither persons nor members of the moral community.† The key ethical schism, is around theRead MoreAbortion: An ethical dilemma.1944 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion, the intentional termination of a pregnancy through surgical or medical devices, was legalized in 1973. This issue of abortion has caused a great segregation in our country. Often the debate is thought to be conservative versus liberal, republican versus democrat, but more accurately it is pro-life versus pro choice. A pro-life stance opposes the belief that a woman should have the freedom to choose an abortion in the case that for any reason she does not want to have a baby. Pro-choiceRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma About Abortion Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pageswill be faced with some sort of dilemma that tests their morals and values. They will encounter a situation that forces them to wei gh the good and bad against beliefs they have held their entire life and make a decision that could affect their life forever. Those core beliefs are what influences the person’s decisions, their sense of right and wrong as well as their perceptions about every situation they face. This paper will evaluate an ethical dilemma about abortion in relation to the Christian worldviewRead More Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas Surrounding Abortion In our society, there are many ethical dilemmas that we are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that we are faced with is abortion. There are many strong arguments both for and against the right to have an abortion which are so complicated that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the different aspects of the argument. The essence of a person, rights, and who

The Ethics of Animal Testing for Vaccine Development and...

Animal testing is important to ensure the safety of a variety of products, specifically pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices used for surgery and other treatments. It has also been used throughout history for various purposes. Once an unregulated practice, today there are laws, regulations, and requirements associated with the ethical use of animal models. In the United States, animal studies are now required before moving on to clinical trials. Legalities aside, controversy still arises between scientists, and public opinion can vary from unconcerned to extreme. The practice of vaccination is an important part of maintaining public health, and it has proven to be beneficial to both humans and animals. In regard to vaccine†¦show more content†¦At the time, Jenner had no way of knowing the cause of disease. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms were the cause of infectious diseases in the late 19th century. The work of Koch and other microbiologists of the t ime enabled us to extend vaccine strategies to other diseases.3 Animal testing has become an important stage in vaccine development. The first stages are exploratory and involve basic laboratory research. Methods of treatment, such as natural or synthetic antigens, are identified; this process may take an average of 2-4 years. The pre-clinical stage involves animal testing and may take an additional 1-2 years. Information gathered is used to determine the safety and potential success or failure of the vaccine. Scientists also use animal studies to try to determine what immune responses the vaccine may elicit in humans, as well as a safe starting dose and a safe method of administration.4 There are two major advantages gained through animal testing that cannot be acquired during the clinical stage. During the pre-clinical stage, scientists may alter the vaccine to increase its effectiveness, and they are also able to conduct challenge studies. A challenge study involves trying to infect the vaccinated animals in order to determine if the vaccine has been successful.4 Before such practices wereShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation And Animal Testing1261 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst animal experimentation. The report begins with an introduction briefly outlining what animal experimentation refers to, introducing the three perspectives and highlighting the intention behind this investigation. The report then explores the positive and negative medical aspect of animal experimentation stating that it has resulted in vital vaccines benefitting both humans and animals, but also accepting it is not always reliable. The advantages and disadvantages of animal testing on consumerRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Experimentation927 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries, the ethics of animal experimentation in the biomedical field have been questioned. The primary concern is whether the animals used in research outweigh the pain the animals endure. Animal rights activists will argue that there are new alternatives, which are more accurate than animal testing. The success of animal trials has continued the use by scientists within the medical field. Additionally, testing on animals eliminate harm to humans. The first Animal Cruelty Act was created inRead MoreDrug Development Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesDrug development This entire section on drug development highlights concerns which are very particular to the industry. They therefore lead to the implementation of CSR activities which are also very industry specific, although aspects such as animal testing and ethics in research can be shared by other industries such as the cosmetics industry, or the medical device sector for instance. Need for RD and innovation Today, the need for RD and innovation is great, maybe greater than ever. In theRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1155 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Testing Animal experiments happen all over the world, but are they necessary? Animals are tested for medical research as well as for cosmetics. Some say that these experiments are not painful, so they are justified. Where others believe that all these experiments are inhumane and nothing can justify torturing and killing innocent animals. Although many believe that animal testing is the best way to improve human health by finding new treatments and tests for the safety of the productsRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Vs Animal Testing1917 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing Vs. Medical Research Animal experiments happen all over the world, but are they necessary? People have different feelings for animals; many looks upon animals as companions while others view animals as a means for advancing medical techniques or furthering experimental research. Some say that these experiments are not painful, so they are justified. Where others believe that all these experiments are inhumane, and nothing can justify torturing and killing innocent animals. AlthoughRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned? Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesBan Animal Testing in Laboratories Vivisection or the use of live animals for testing is used for many experiments including cosmetic testing and psychological. Vivisection has been used by researchers since 500 BC and many life-saving treatments have been developed this way (animal-testing.procon.org). In 1921 dogs were used in experiments in which they had their pancreases removed and led to the discovery of insulin which has saved the lives of diabetics. The polio vaccine was tested on animalsRead MoreDo Animals Have Rights. Animals Are Used To Test The Products3736 Words   |  15 PagesDo Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there must first beRead More Do Animals Have Rights Essay3736 Words   |  15 PagesDo Animals Have Rights Animals are used to test the products that we use in our everyday life. Is it ethical or right to test our products on animals? If animal testing were not used, how would the safety of the products we use be insured? If animals were not used in medical testing, how would researchers come up with new medicines and vaccines? Different people have different opinions about this issue. Arguments abound for both sides. In order to have an organized argument, there mustRead More The Controversial Issue of Animal Ethics Essay2579 Words   |  11 PagesThe Controversial Issue of Animal Ethics The struggle against sickness and disease is not over, yet medical progress is being threatened by activists who would end the use of laboratory animals in the search for treatment and cures. Their well financed anti-research disinformation campaign is not the only weapon used by animal rights activists. The more extreme animal rights activists have used tactics of intimidation and terrorism, for example: April 26,1997, activists were arrested whenRead MoreInnovation Management : The Innovation Of Vaccines1987 Words   |  8 PagesThe innovation of vaccines Student number: 100090338 Word count: 1450 words Contents Introduction 1 Innovation types 1 The contribution of vaccines 2 Contribution of human history 2 Contribution of socio-economic 3 The disadvantages of vaccines 4 Side effects 4 To make experiments on animals

Why Is Assessment Important Free Essays

4 Why is assessment for learning important? Adopting strategies that support Assessment for Learning can transform learning and teaching and take away the stigma that haunts assessment. In fact, research has shown that Assessment for Learning can have a significant effect on how well pupils achieve in terms of their attainment, behaviour, motivation, engagement and their ability to work independently. a) It Improves Performance -Black and William’s 1998 literature review examined 250 research articles from 160 journals published over a nine-year period. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Assessment Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this, they documented significant, and often substantial, quantifiable learning gains due to Assessment for Learning practices. Their review of over 20 studies on classroom assessment showed increases in primary and post-primary performance ranging from 15 to 30% compared to control groups. In post-primary, differential effects were measured at approximately half a level at Key Stage 3, over half a grade at GCSE, and two full grades at GCSE after two to three years. They concluded that no other single improvement initiative improved performance levels to the extent that formative assessment did. Subsequent research in UK schools has substantiated these figures. For instance, research conducted in primary schools through the Gillingham Partnership’s Formative Assessment Project 2002 indicated improved standardised test scores in reading and numeracy as well as improvements in writing levels. Learning b) It Increases Learning Independence – Pupils who understand their own goals and their role in learning are more independent in managing their learning; they know what to do, how they have to work and take more responsibility for their own learning and assessment. Assessment for Learning helps cultivate these valuable skills by giving pupils a role in determining these components of the learning as well as experience in providing feedback and assessing themselves and their peers. The learning is no longer something they receive; it becomes something they pursue and have a hand in shaping. This can help learners later in life as well as in the classroom. c) It Improves Morale, Motivation and Risk-Taking – Knowing the goals and success indicators may help pupils to gain learning independence, but they are not the only influencing factors. Morale and motivation are also pivotal components, and here, too, Assessment for Learning plays an important role. Black and William found that many assessment approaches used in classrooms compare pupils with one another – particularly those that focus on marks and grades. Evidence shows that pupils interpret the prime purpose of these assessments to be competition rather than personal improvement. As a result, feedback from these types of assessment actually reduces pupil morale. It teaches them, particularly low-attaining pupils, that they lack ability, leading them to believe they are unable to learn. ) It Enhances Relationships and Reflection – Assessment for Learning also helps foster a more positive classroom environment. It strengthens teacher-pupil relationships by increasing two-way communication. These interactions can make them more motivated to learn and more aware of their learning. Assessment for Learning can also improve planning and delivery of learning . This is because these practices lead you to analyse and make learning specific to pupils. It creates an opportunity to quality assure and amend activities to ensure they meet the learning needs. How to cite Why Is Assessment Important, Essay examples Why Is Assessment Important Free Essays 4 Why is assessment for learning important? Adopting strategies that support Assessment for Learning can transform learning and teaching and take away the stigma that haunts assessment. In fact, research has shown that Assessment for Learning can have a significant effect on how well pupils achieve in terms of their attainment, behaviour, motivation, engagement and their ability to work independently. a) It Improves Performance -Black and William’s 1998 literature review examined 250 research articles from 160 journals published over a nine-year period. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Assessment Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this, they documented significant, and often substantial, quantifiable learning gains due to Assessment for Learning practices. Their review of over 20 studies on classroom assessment showed increases in primary and post-primary performance ranging from 15 to 30% compared to control groups. In post-primary, differential effects were measured at approximately half a level at Key Stage 3, over half a grade at GCSE, and two full grades at GCSE after two to three years. They concluded that no other single improvement initiative improved performance levels to the extent that formative assessment did. Subsequent research in UK schools has substantiated these figures. For instance, research conducted in primary schools through the Gillingham Partnership’s Formative Assessment Project 2002 indicated improved standardised test scores in reading and numeracy as well as improvements in writing levels. Learning b) It Increases Learning Independence – Pupils who understand their own goals and their role in learning are more independent in managing their learning; they know what to do, how they have to work and take more responsibility for their own learning and assessment. Assessment for Learning helps cultivate these valuable skills by giving pupils a role in determining these components of the learning as well as experience in providing feedback and assessing themselves and their peers. The learning is no longer something they receive; it becomes something they pursue and have a hand in shaping. This can help learners later in life as well as in the classroom. c) It Improves Morale, Motivation and Risk-Taking – Knowing the goals and success indicators may help pupils to gain learning independence, but they are not the only influencing factors. Morale and motivation are also pivotal components, and here, too, Assessment for Learning plays an important role. Black and William found that many assessment approaches used in classrooms compare pupils with one another – particularly those that focus on marks and grades. Evidence shows that pupils interpret the prime purpose of these assessments to be competition rather than personal improvement. As a result, feedback from these types of assessment actually reduces pupil morale. It teaches them, particularly low-attaining pupils, that they lack ability, leading them to believe they are unable to learn. ) It Enhances Relationships and Reflection – Assessment for Learning also helps foster a more positive classroom environment. It strengthens teacher-pupil relationships by increasing two-way communication. These interactions can make them more motivated to learn and more aware of their learning. Assessment for Learning can also improve planning and delivery of learning . This is because these practices lead you to analyse and make learning specific to pupils. It creates an opportunity to quality assure and amend activities to ensure they meet the learning needs. How to cite Why Is Assessment Important, Papers

Mental Health for Communities-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Critically analyse the influences of attitudes, environment, culture, support systems and adaptive ability on community mental health issues for any specific population. Answer: Introduction The mentality of a person is one of the most important aspects that drive the human activities. Without the ability to think properly people cannot maintain their daily chores of life (Betancourt et al., 2015). Thus, it is important to ensure that the mental health of an individual remains stable. Mental health of an individual may have a negative impact on the normal life of an individual and thereby is affected by the culture, attitude and the environment. The essay focuses on these issues and provides an analysis of the complexity of the mental health issues. The influence of culture, environment and support system is also discussed which provides a proper understanding of the sufferings of the people suffering from mental illness. The essay focuses on the impact of this mental health issue on the children living with single parents and the manner in which the society perceives such children. Discussion According to Schroeder and Peterson (2017), mental health is considered as a well-being based on which an individual can understand the self-abilities and maintain a properly balanced life despite the pressures of life. A person with a sound mental health can assist a community in more than one ways. Scholars have suggested that stability of mental health is a result of the relation that exists between individuals and environmental factors (Patel Saxena, 2014). This includes illness within the family ranging from generations, levels of stress, lifestyle and work behaviour. These factors define the mental health of an individual and consequently provide the ability to contribute towards the wellbeing of a society. Thus, it is important that the mental health of individual conduct activities that deal with maintaining a proper life. In this regard, the individuals need to ensure that certain factors need to be avoided to ensure that the mental health is not harmed. Issues such as underemployment, economic hardship, poverty, raised by a single parent can cause a great deal of stress and lead to mental illness. According to Hickie (2015), mental illness is defined as a type of mental health disorder that mainly occurs due to the existence of anxiety, depression, dementia and other mental characteristics. However, this curable disease can be done after recognising the symptoms and the factors that lead to the occurrence of the disease. The mental illness in a person can be caused by impairment of individual, cognitive and affective abilities. It has been seen that most mental illness arises from the biological and developmental factors and these factors can be managed by the application of various diagnostic diseases such as proper mental treatment and rehabilitation. Thus, the psychological factors affecting the health of an individual are based mainly on the environment and the social factors related to the lives of people. At times, it is seen that people tend to compare mental health with psychological health. Whenever a person with mental disability exists, the comparison starts with the psychology of the individual. However, there exist certain differences between mental health and psychological health. Mental health usually takes place due to many stressful factors at work and personal life. The mentality of an individual needs to be such that the risk factors that exist in the environment are measured based on the stressful factors that exist in the social environment factor of an individual. Cummings et al. (2017) stated that normally the mental health of an individual degrades from the excessive stress at the work place. However, psychological factors also exist in workplaces. Factors such as anxiety, underemployment and stress provided by managers may lead to bipolar disease, schizophrenia and depression. Thus, this is the differences that exist between mental health and mental illness. Based o n this, it can be said that environmental and cultural factors also affect mental health. Harris, Barnett and Bridgman (2018) stated that the social determinants are present that pose a serious threat to the mental health of individuals. These determinants may result from various factors that are present in a society. The factors may be from the personal lives of people as well as from the work place of the people. Most of the times the mental health and illness of the people result based on two main factors. These factors include the culture and the environment. The culture of an individual plays a huge role in the development of the mentality of an individual. As stated by Allen et al. (2014) the mental health of an individual is formed by the manner in which the family responds. The behaviours and attitudes of the family affect the mental health of children, as they tend to learn from the behaviours of the seniors. In this case, it can be said that the children being brought up by a single parent have a severe mental breakdown than children residing with both parents. In this context, Pflum et al. (2015) stated that it is considered as one of the most important analyses done by researchers that provide the facts of mental illness that exists between boys and girls living with both parents. About 8% of the children residing with both parents suffer from any type of mental disorder while the rate increases to 13% for children living with split parents (Clement et al., 2015). This may be because a single parent undoes the responsibility and discipline that are provided by both the parents. Hence, children with single parents are more likely to suffer from a mental breakdown due to lack of family culture. At the same time, these children are treated with disrespect in the society that prompts the occurrence of a mental breakdown. Environmental issue: Another factor that may cause the occurrence of mental health issues in an individual is the environment. According to Kleinman (2015), the environment refers to the existence of society and work place. Often it is seen that pressure from living up to the expectations of the employers and of the society causes stress among the people (Widom, Czaja and DuMont, 2015). The stress factors are related to the ways by which people single out an individual based on the role they play in the society. In the case of children with single parents, the mental pressure arises seeing the job of people with both parents. Depression due to this factor either leads a child to be mentally stable or mentally weak (Mathews et al., 2017). Thus, this important phenomenon provides problems to the children and the family to cope up with a pressure of the environment. However, it can be said that the mental health issue does not always arise from the thoughts and depression suffered by th e individual; sometimes the perception of the society also has an impact in the mental health of an individual. Attitudes: As stated by Van der Kolk (2017) the society and environment are the main cause for the rise of mental health issue in an individual. At the same time, the society shuns accepting people with mental disability and treats the people with disrespect. This proves to be a huge challenge for the people suffering from such problem, as they have to combat the personal issues and the society that makes them a bully. Stereotypes and prejudices are shown by the environment mainly arise due to the behaviour is shown by the mentally challenged people (Widom, Czaja DuMont, 2015). Thus, the people are robbed off various opportunities that may help them to lead a better life and become a stable member of a community. Most scholars have pointed out the fact the occurrence of mental health issue in an individual cannot be attributed to only one phenomenon. Culture: Researches are being held that highlights the stigma that exists in the formation of mental health issues in a human being. Sometimes issues related to race, religious beliefs, cultural background and colour prove to be serious factors for people residing in a society. These factors tend to be the cause of mental issues as people try to exploit these factors to remain away from others. Thus, this leads to mental illness from which the effective bonding of the community comes into question. As observed by Albert (2017) single parent receives the most heat from the society as the children of these parents are abused and bullied by other children. An early age trauma can have a severe impact on the lives of an individual and thus create an opportunity to remain mentally unstable for life. However, certain positive factors also exist that can be derived by the mentally challenged people from the society. Support system: It is important for the support system to nourish the people suffering from mental health disorder. The fact that the health care sectors are pledged to support any type of disease provides hopes for the mentally ill people. It is necessary that the health care centres possess the right diagnostic tool and resources that can help in eradicating this disease (Deresky, 2017). Such infrastructure needs to be based on the creativity of the service providers and the manner in which the people can be diagnosed. It is advised that people suffering from mental disease need to be kept in an environment that provides no stress factors. The diagnosis needs to be done following a systematic approach that begins from the isolation of the people to the slow progress towards interaction with others. All the while, it is important that the records of the service users suffering from such a disease be maintained for the future purpose (Pedersen et al., 2015). Another important support system that needs to be maintained is the family and workplace. At times it is seen that the pressure from family and workplace result in the occurrence of stress factor in an individual (Harms, Clifford Cryer, 2014). Family members need to support one another so that the stress can be reduced and people can lead a wonderful life. In the case of children, being brought up by single parents it is the duty of the existing parent to ensure that the child does not receive any type of harassment while at school or play. Excessive pressure from the workplace often leads to the cause of schizophrenia among people as the peers and employers provide excess workload to the individual. It is to be noted that the recovery of mental health illness of an individual is not an easy process. According to Panayotou (2016), the people suffering from mental illness need to be taken proper care and motivated properly. Adaptive ability: Christian (2015) is of the opinion that a good Samarian tends to help the society and the people residing in it without any discrimination. The fact that these Samarians exist make it possible for the reduced bullying of the people. Thus, children with a single parent can be seen with a sympathetic attitude and proper assistance can be provided that can help them to become a regular member of the society. Assistance can be provided in the form of providing health care help to the people suffering from mental illness. However, Almond and Verba (2015) stated that in the modern day it has been seen that in the modern day people suffering from mental health issues raise their voice against the public. The right to personal recovery and clinical recovery of individuals suffering from such a disease is to be provided by the Government of every country so that the culture of the society and the country can be maintained. The recovery of the mental illness is a long process and it involves patience from the people providing the cure. Although it has been said by Hickie (2015) that mental illness can be cured, the fact that the lifespan of the people suffering from mental health issues varies. It has been seen that the death rate among individuals is high mainly due to the existence of mental pressure. According to Pflum et al. (2015), individuals due to the existence of excess stress commit suicides. The life expectancy of people suffering stress can be low. This is because, in the modern day, the stress is the consistent factor that is the root cause of mental illness. Stress can be experienced at any level of life and it is seen that children also suffer from the same problem. The pressure from the school curriculum activities plays an important factor in the rise of stress level among children. At the same time, it can be said that the children brought up by a single parent suffer from negligence. The life expectancy of these children cannot be determined as these children may live their whole lives and become a better parent than their predecessors ever was. However, the mental stress of these people sometimes results in illegal activities that may be committed. This includes going through frenzy and committing psychological behaviours that may hamper the lives of the person concerned. Thus, this may result in the unexpected death of the person thereby the life expectancy cannot be determined in a proper manner (Harris, Barnett Bridgman, 2018). Another important factor that may be attributed to the cause of a mental issue is the smoking habit of people. Kleinman et al. (2015) stated that most stress-related people solve matters by smoking. They believe that smoking can relax them and relive them from the current stress that they are undergoing. It has been seen that about 21% of the men and 19% of the women population succumb due to the habit of smoking (Van der Kolk, 2017). This is a very high death rate given the fact that the death related to mental illness is very low. Thus, people need to control smoking and ensure that they have a longer life. In this regard, it can be said that the life expectancy of these people ranges until adolescent. Although the death rate, in this case, is measured by the habit of smoking, the fact that this is an indirect consequence to mental health proves that the mental illness of the people make them jeopardise their lives. Widom, Czaja and DuMont (2015) observed that many causes of mental health issue arise from the physical consequences of people. The fact that people may suffer a state of frenzy makes it difficult for most people to maintain their composure. Thus, in this case, the life expectancy can range from childhood to adolescence. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that the mental health of individuals is a result of various factors such as social, environmental and cultural. These factors are a result of the pressures that people feel from work and family. The mentality of an individual is an important aspect as it helps in the growth and success of the individual. Bullying the mentally challenged people may create more stress and cause the people to suffer from depression. The children brought up single parents suffer from such bullying and because of this find it difficult to maintain their stature in the society. This gives rise to severe psychological characteristics that may lower the life expectancy rate of the people. References Albert, V. (2017).From child abuse to permanency planning: Child welfare services pathways and placements. Routledge. Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R., Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health.International Review of Psychiatry,26(4), 392-407. Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Betancourt, T. S., Frounfelker, R., Mishra, T., Hussein, A., Falzarano, R. (2015). Addressing health disparities in the mental health of refugee children and adolescents through community-based participatory research: a study in 2 communities.American journal of public health,105(S3), S475-S482. Christian, C. W. (2015). The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse.Pediatrics,135(5), 1337-1354. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.Psychological medicine,45(1), 11-27. Cummings, J. R., Allen, L., Clennon, J., Ji, X., Druss, B. G. (2017). Geographic access to specialty mental health care across high-and low-income US communities.Jama psychiatry,74(5), 476-484. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education Harms, T., Clifford, R. M., Cryer, D. (2014).Early childhood environment rating scale. Teachers College Press. Harris, M. W., Barnett, T., Bridgman, H. (2018). Rural art roadshow: a travelling art exhibition to promote mental health in rural and remote communities.Arts Health,10(1), 57-64. Hickie, I. (2015). Contributing lives, thriving communities: report of the national review of mental health programmes and services. Kleinman, P. K. (Ed.). (2015).Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Cambridge University Press. Mathews, B., Norman, R., Dunne, M., Marston, C. (2017). Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies.PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews. Panayotou, T. (2016). Economic growth and the environment.The environment in anthropology, 140-148. Patel, V., Saxena, S. (2014). Transforming lives, enhancing communitiesinnovations in global mental health.New England Journal of Medicine,370(6), 498-501. Pedersen, P. B., Lonner, W. J., Draguns, J. G., Trimble, J. E., Scharron-del Rio, M. R. (Eds.). (2015).Counseling across cultures. Sage Publications. Pflum, S. R., Testa, R. J., Balsam, K. F., Goldblum, P. B., Bongar, B. (2015). 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Audience Analysis Paper

Table of Contents Introduction Audience Characteristics to consider Communication Channels What to consider when making the presentation How to ensure your message is effective Conclusion References Introduction To make presentations of the quarterly sales information to the company managers, sales people and customers, is a daunting task. It requires consciousness  audience  analysis techniques including analysis of the varied characteristics of the audience, use of appropriate communication channels and effective communication strategies. Audience research is the most  crucial  aspect of any communication campaign. It involves analysis of the  audience  demographic factors, psychographic and emotional factors (O’Hair Kreps, 1990, p. 203).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Audience Analysis Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Audience Characteristics to consider Communication should focu s on the distinct characteristics of the people to whom the information is relevant. Making a presentation to an  audience  with managers, the actual sales persons and the intended customers can be extremely difficult. The presenter must organize the information to suit the characters. The presenter needs to  learn  the  audience  characters early enough. Some of the distinguished characteristics of the audience to consider including: Specialization of the target audience.  Sales managers and sales people are most  gifted  specialists in sales matters. The information shared should appeal to their creativity and specialty to be relevant to them. The information shared should include the most current  data  in sales innovation. Include  new  information about the happenings in the sales  field  to attract their attention (Smith Mounter, 2008, p. 29). The managers and sales people will use the information to increase sales. Audience diversity.  Underst anding the identities of the target audience should be a top priority for the presenter. The presentation should take into consideration the variations in gender, age, cultural and religious beliefs, sexual orientation, physical and mental abilities of the audience. None of these issues should be ignored in the presentation. The presenter should be sensitive towards these variations as they offer both opportunities and challenges when communicating. The information presented should meet the diverse variations of the  audience  for it to be relevant. Chances are that the audience will ignore the message if it is not well structured to meet their  class  selection. This calls for a thorough research on the  audience  diversity  prior to making any  communication  presentation (Wood, 2010, p. 5). Presentation should never compromise the diversity of the meeting audience. Interpersonal Imperatives.  This is perhaps the most indispensable of all the congregation chara cteristics. It has to do with the varied needs of the people in the audience. The presentation should meet the  demand  by the managers to maintain control in the sales operations and management. The information shared should single out their  individual  responsibility towards the achievement of sales success. On the other hand, sales people would need to be appreciated. The information should be shared in such a manner as to make the sales people  feel  the  company’s love towards them.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their need for  inspiration  and encouragement should not be omitted in the presentation. At the same time, customers need to feel included in the entire sales process. They are an integral part of the whole process. They should not be ignored in the planning, implementation and evaluation stages of the sales process (Wood, 2010, p . 10-11). All needs should be profiled before. The presentation should  meet  each profiled need. Communication Channels Communication should never be one direction only. Effective communication occurs when there is a  substantial  interaction between the perceived senders and receivers. Feedback is essential in the process of communication (Wood, 2010, p. 17). This calls for selective choice of the most reliable channels to use for correspondence. Oral communication is the most effective  means  because the participants see, listen to and  meet  each other directly. The participants are able to see each other’s natural reactions and body language in real time. Other channels that the presenter can use to  convey  the report include: Editorial publications.  This involves the  design  of information to be sent to media houses for third party endorsements. The sales information can be published in the  company’s  journal  and the newslett er and  transmission  to the customers  far  and wide. This increases the chances of growing the sales revenues of the company. Equipment aided communications. The presenter can use equipments such as the projectors, computers and computer applications such as power point to make  excellent  presentations. Equipments help present information orally given during the presentation. This method is  reasonable, productive and recommendable. What to consider when making the presentation Internal communication is key to the performance of any organization or  company. The responsibility for internal communication lies with all the different stakeholders of the company. The presentation should keep in mind the following: The presentation should point people on the shared. The most  salient  aspect  of the communication should be the impact on people and not the  phenomenon  known as sales. The importance of all the people stakeholders should come out in the present ation. This guarantees continued shopping and  consumption  of the products and services by the customers. It also motivates the sales teams, supervisors, managers and the company shareholders (Smith Mounter, 2008 p. 16).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Audience Analysis Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internal communication is  crucial  to business success.The presentation aims at helping the audiences (participants) get their  role  towards the results projected.  This ensures the discussion is more fruitful.  The crucial role played by or that should be played by the staff and the customers should come out when sharing the quarterly sales figures. Expectations and the general guiding principles for each category of the audience should be clarified. How to ensure your message is effective One will never be able to communicate effectively without designing appropriate communication techn iques and strategies. The presenter must ensure that the communication strategy meets three main characteristics: (O’Hair Kreps, 1990, p. 135). It must be  relevant  to the audience under question. The presentation should  answer  the existing needs of the audience and the  company  at  large. Information shared should be edited to suit the purpose of the presentation. This minimizes the problem of  redundancy  in communication. The strategy used should  ensure  audience  comfort. The choice of the environment  should not impede communication. The language and the audience participation  participation methods used should be easy to the audience. The presenter should reduce  audience  fear and anxiety using ice breakers. Lastly, the presentation should be made using  diverse  methodologies. Different communication strategies should be used considering the  audience  types, their communication needs and the overall goals and objectives o f the presentation. The person making the submission should determine whether to use behavioral rehearsals (role playing), bibliotherapy or case study  analysis.  The option which enables more people to participate in the conversation  is more effective. Conclusion Effective  communication  should provide a  chance  for feedback. It should meet all the needs of the  audience  without compromising their salient characteristics. It should  incorporate  well thought of communication channels. It should be relevant. References O’Hair, D. Kreps, G.L. (1990). Applied Communication Theory and Research. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc Publishers.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Smith, L. Mounter, P. (2008). Effective Internal Communication. London: Kogan Page Limited. Wood, J.T. (2010). Interpersonal Communication – Every Encounter. Boston: Wordsworth Cengage Learning. This essay on Audience Analysis Paper was written and submitted by user Jamir Bowman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Origin for the Surname Thompson Genealogy

Origin for the Surname Thompson Genealogy THOMPSON Surname Meaning Origin: Thompson is a patronymic surname meaning son of the man known as Thom, Thomp, Thompkin, or another diminutive form of Thomas (twin). Without the p, the Thomson surname is often of Scottish origin. Surname Origin: English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings: THOMSON, THOMASON, THOMASSON, THOMASSIN, THOMESON, TOMPSON, THOMPSEN, TOMASON, THOMS, THOMASSET, TOMPSETT, THOMSETT, TOMSETT, THOMERSON, THOMLINSON, THOMLIN Famous People with the Surname THOMPSON: Fred Thompson - U.S. Senator and television actorAlexander Greek Thomson - Scottish architect (1817-1875)Sir Joseph John (J. J.) Thomson - English physicist who discovered the electron Genealogy Resources for the Surname THOMPSON: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Thompson DNA ProjectDNA testing is making connections between families with Thompson surname variants used in different areas of the world including Thomson, Thomsen, Thomason, Thomazin, Taweson, MacThomas, MacTavish, MacCavish, Macomish, Macomb, McComas, McComb, MacCombie, and reasonable spelling variations. Thompson Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Thompson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Thompson query. There are also separate forums for the THOMSON surname and other Thompson variations. FamilySearch - THOMPSON GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Thompson surname and its variations. - References: Surname Meanings OriginsCottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

International Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Trade - Research Paper Example It is worth pondering on the root causes behind the ever increasing global trade. The paper aims at exploring how the trade agreement called NAFTA that the US has entered into with Mexico and Canada has impacted on the domestic industries and the US economy at large. The paper would also explore how the devaluation of the US Dollar against the Chinese Yuan can bring respite to the US manufacturing industries. Suranovic (2010) describes about some important key-reasons that decide about any trade between the nations and they are worth pondering to understand the burgeoning global trade. Resource Advantage Each country is endowed with certain natural resources such as minerals, water, land, fossil fuels, and essential raw materials and accordingly their strength lies in manufacturing those finished goods where such resources are necessary. Obviously, such resource pool will put certain countries in advantage over others. Technological Superiority Technological superiority of one countr y over other in a particular product will facilitate production of better quality goods at lower cost and that superiority puts one country ahead of others in a particular good. If the US produces Boeing aircraft and fighters or other sophisticated warheads then it is because of the technological superiority that the US exerts over others in this field. ... It is a fact that the US has absolute advantage in producing grains as it needs fewer real resources relative to the most of the countries in the world. The availability of huge agricultural land and the use of machines are the major reasons in having absolute advantage in agriculture. The country uses minimal labor per unit area of agricultural land increasing the productivity levels manifold; however, it is essential to note that absolute cost advantage does not determine the production and allocation of labor for producing a good but it is the comparative advantage that gives rise to the production of a particular good in that country. The comparative advantage takes into account the opportunity cost while producing a particular good in that country (Suranovic, 2011). This fundamental reality drives the trade globally and the NAFTA agreement is to be seen in this light. US Trade Balance with NAFTA Partners and the World in the year 1989 and 2009 (In billions of current USD) Source : O’Leary et al, 2012, p13. It is important to note here that there is no appreciable change in balance of trade in agriculture commodity with Mexico and Canada; there is no significant impact on the US labor force involved in agriculture. In all merchandise trade with Mexico and Canada in 2009, imports have increased by almost 45 billion and 11 billion USD respectively but so is the case with world trade which shows negative balance of 500 billion USD. This clearly shows that NAFTA trade has followed the world trend only and nothing specific can be attributed to NAFTA agreement that the US has entered into (O’Leary et al, 2012). Below mentioned table indicates about the employment changes between 1989 and 2008 in the key industries in the US. This

Divorce and the Coase Theorem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Divorce and the Coase Theorem - Essay Example I would not advocate for a change in the current law. This is for the rationale that alternative arrangement divorce would be time consuming and would even cause or start hateful issues to develop during the arrangements and can ruin friendships. It is also confident for spouses to formulate one of the reasons for divorce essential in ruling. No-fault divorce, on the other hand, accepted that a marriage collapse might not be the cause of one spouses misbehavior. They cut down the divorce procedure and made it more reliable countrywide, hence obviating the necessitaty for distressed couples to cross position lines in look for of simpler break up laws. Ronald Coase is for no fault divorce and he said that, if the amount of a couple’s mesh gains from matrimony, as seen by the couple, is negative, then no conformity on distributing the gains from the marriage can keep them as one. Despite of its merits it is not the best way to divorce because it can cover up serious matrimonial misbehavior and I don’t advocate for

Britain and the Creation of Israel Research Paper

Britain and the Creation of Israel - Research Paper Example ‘Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you on behalf of His Majesty’s Government the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist Aspirations, which have been submitted to and approved by the cabinet: His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the success of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I shall be grateful if you bring this declaration to the Knowledge of the Zionist Federation’ (Yapp p. 290). There had been fights in Palestine and at this time the only prudent solution seemed to be the birth of a Jewish state that would accommodate the Jews in Palestine and thereby curb the existing situation where fights were marring the region. The issue about the Jewish State had been facilitated or initiated in 1896 by a Hungary based Jewish Journalist named Theodor Herzl. He had categorically asserted that the only solution to the growing resistance of the Semite speakers which included the Jews was through the establishment of a new sate or what was called the Jewish state. The Jewish people in Palestine were not settled due to the growing anti-Semitism in the Middle East and they felt that they needed a home of their own where they could live peacefully without being influenced and affected by the forces from the other countries. This led to the establishment of the Zionist Organization in 1897 which pressed for the formation or the establishment of a Home for the Jews in Palestine. The steps to attain the Israel State were crippled by the death of Theodor Herzl in 1904 but the people who were left to lead the organization pushed further and there seemed to be hope at the end.  In the first meeting between Weizmann and Balfour in 1906, Balfour proposed that the Jews were to be given the British Protectorate of Uganda as at that time it was under British Rule.

Impact of the Chronic Illness in Patients Lives

Impact of the Chronic Illness in Patients Lives Client Focused Study This assignment will focus on the patients journey and the impact of the chronic illness in their lives. Firstly a rationale for the chosen client and the health deviation will be explained. Secondly, how the deviation has an impact on the patients journey throughout the health care will be highlighted and potential influences of on long term well being of the patient and their family will be explored. Finally, the knowledge gained from the assignment and how it can be helpful in the future practice will be addressed. In accordance with the NMC Code of Professional conduct (2010), the patient chosen for this essay will be named Miss X, to protect her identity and maintain confidentiality. Informed consent will be attached as appendix I. Miss X is a 58 year old patient who had been diagnosed 3 years ago with COPD related to Emphysema. She had been smoking for 40 years and gave up smoking 3 months after her initial diagnosis. She has currently been admitted care to specialised Respiratory ward in a local London hospital, following an exacerbation of COPD. Her current symptoms are chest pain and shortness of breath. The rationale for choosing Miss X for this assignment is because during my placement in the respiratory ward, I found the patient having difficulties to perform physical activities due to the breathlessness. As a result, I developed an interest in learning how breathlessness occurs and its affect on the patients daily life. Further rationale of The Nice guidelines for COPD (2010) reported that COPD is the 5th biggest killer in the U.K. and also Worldwide. In addition, evidence reports that the main cause of developing COPD is due to smoking. The national statistics General Lifestyle Survey (2008) reported that at least 21% of the U.Ks population smoke which means COPD will remain to be endemic in this Country. The annual cost of COPD to the NHS is estimated at more than  £980 million and the figures are rising every year. Beraden (2011) reported that incidence of breathlessness in patients with diagnosed COPD is approximately 65% and 90%. These statistics highlights that it is impo rtant to be aware of the health deviation of COPD such as breathlessness in order to ensure the patient receives a quality of life. Evidently, the pathophyisology of breathlessness caused by emphysema is noted to be a physical development of airflow obstruction and impaired gas exchange. Blackler (2007) explains emphysema as a progressive chronic lung disease where the airways are inflamed and the tissue of the lungs and the alveoli are destroyed. The inflammation in the airway obstructs the flow of air in to the alveoli. In addition, the alveoli lose their elasticity and during breathing this loss can lead to the alveoli collapsing and causing breathlessness. The main factor causing these characteristics of Emphysema is Smoking. Mc Cance, (2010) informs that smoking cigarette activates the neutrophils which subsequently release the enzymes protease and anti protease. As a result of the toxins from cigarette smoking, the chemical activity of the protease and anti protease is imbalanced. The author further explains that a balance is required in order to maintain normal lung function and the derangements of this balance may result in increased destruction and inappropriate repair of the lungs. Inappropriate repair of the lungs can lead to the alveoli being eliminated of the pulmonary capillary bed, causing mismatching in ventilation and perfusion. As a result there is less surface area for the gases to exchange causing decrease of the oxygen levels in the blood (Mc Cance, 2010). Thus any mild form of exercise can raise oxygen requirement leaving the patient breathless. This is evident in Miss X whenever she performs any type of physical acti vity. In addition, Damjanov (2006) explains that the destruction in the alveoli and the bronchiole wall also contribute in the reduction of elastic recoil of the airway. This leads to difficulty in expiration as the loss of elastic recoil reduces the volume of air that can be expired . As the air is not effectively exhaled, air trapping occurs causing the chest to expand. Long term air trapping in the lungs causes the chest to have a barrel like appearance. This is because the lungs are over inflated with air and the ribcage mostly remains expanded which gives the chest its barrel shape (Damjanov, 2006). Barrel chest is very noticeable in Miss X. People who smoke do not necessarily develop Emphysema therefore inherited genetics disorders are believed to contribute to the development of this disease. McCance, (2010) explains that emphysema mainly occurs with patients who have Alpha 1- antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD). In A1AD enzymes such as elastase destroys the elastin and the tissue of the airway which again leads to mismatching of perfusion of gas exchange and ventilation. Furthermore, Pryor and Prasad (2009) describes the sensation of breathlessness originates when the sensory system activates within the lungs, chest wall and the respiratory muscles raise awareness of breathing discomfort. However, psychological factors can also be associated with breathlessness. It is regarded as a subjective experience in COPD anxiety act as an trigger when the patient sense discomfort in breathing. Some studies show the following sequence of events; aggravation by anxiety and panic attacks leads to breathlessness and so forth a continuous cycle is created (Robert and Stockley, 2007) The patients journey starts when the patient says so or from diagnosis to the end of life. Three years ago before her diagnosis, Miss X went to see her GP when she started noticing breathlessness whilst performing physical activities. The GP diagnosed Miss X based on her clinical features and other tests; Chest Ct Scan, her Blood test and her spirometry reading which was FEV1/FVC The GP also referred her to Smoking Cessation Clinic along with a prescription of nicotine patches which helped her quit smoking after 5 months of her first screening date. The NICE COPD Guidelines (2010) highlights that Smoking Cessation should be recommended to newly diagnosed patients. As stated by the Department Of Health the government targets to reduce the smoking population further than its current 26%, which was achieved successfully by 2010 (DOH, 2010). Despite the governments efforts, literature reviews shows that not all of the patients fully recover from smoking addiction. The study conducted by Zhou et al (2009) found that out of 2431 patients who managed to quit smoking after Smoking cessation, 80% were reported to relapse after 3 to 18 months. The data may not be reliable enough to completely prove this high number of relapse because not all the subjects observed carried on for the whole duration of the study. Despite the slight drawbacks of the studies, it has helped the government back up for the funding of smoking cessation clinics. Along with the Smoking cessation clinic miss X was also referred to have annual Influenza vaccination, Pneumococcal vaccination and was encouraged to regular exercise. Miss X is also seen by the community Respiratory Nurse specialist and community nurse on a regular basis for medical checkups. Miss X has had few hospital admissions since her diagnosis due to her exacerbation of COPD. On her recent admission she was brought in by an ambulance as she was not able to breathe due to her breathlessness and chest pain. She was immediately admitted to AE where they diagnosed her with exacerbation of COPD. Miss X was assessed and was stabilised by oxygen therapy and nebulisers in AE. She was then transferred to the Respiratory ward for further investigation and treatment. The ward respiratory doctor requested her for chest X-ray, ECG, Arterial Blood Gases test, blood test, urine dipstick test and sputum culture. The investigation confirmed that she had chest infection. Her oxygen saturation was also maintained by oxygen therapy. Miss X was then started on nebulisers, I.V. antibiotics and for a 7 day course she was on oral prednisolone (Steroids). Jong et al (2007) suggest that oral prednisolone is recommended than I.V prednisolone because there was no difference on treatment and helps reduce patient to be prone to infection. During the stay in the ward Miss X was noticed to be underweight and was referred to the dietician who prescribed her to nutritional drinks and given advice on healthy eating. She was also seen by the Physiotherapist for breathing techniques and mobilising with the breathlessness. As Miss X has had few admissions due to her exacerbation she was also referred to pulmonary rehabilitation after her discharge. The NICE (2010) highlighted that pulmonary rehab illation improves the patients quality of life and therefore, any COPD patient of grade 3 on the MRC scale (Medical Research Council) should be referred to the programme after being discharged. Currently the government suggests that the standard population for rehabilitation up take of the programme should be 230 patients per 100,000 of a normal population in a trust per year. This is a very small number of uptakes in relation to the COPD population; such limitation can create restrictions to access the rehabilitation programme. The deviation can have an impact on the long term well being of Miss X and her Family. COPD is a disease that progress over a long time along with severity of its symptoms. ( 20) confirms that COPD over time results in fatigue, depression, anxiety, reduced exercise tolerance and poor nourishment. Firstly, the effort to maintain normal ventilation, all the energy of the patient is consumed causing tiredness and fatigue restricting the patients ability to perform everyday activities. Miss X interprets her breathlessness has restricted her to perform physical activities and therefore retired from her waitress job at the age of 56. This has led to her being financially dependent on her 22 year old son and government disability financial support. She also relies on her son to help her with household chores as she is not able to perform certain activities by herself such as shopping, cleaning, washing, cooking, paying bills etc. Furthermore, Lahaije et al (2010) proved that COPD patients do eliminate their daily activities due to physiological limitation caused by breathlessness. The study was conducted on 21 COPD patients and ten healthy subjects living in Netherlands. The study measured the performance time for daily living activities; where COPD patients were involved less whereas healthy subjects were higher. The study consisted of only 21 COPD patients and 10 healthy subjects which is a very small sample therefore cannot be generalised. However, the study conducted by Szarm (2010) on a survey of 20693 patients residing in England who were aged between 51- 60 year old were reported to also have an impaired work performance due to breathlessness mostly caused by COPD. The finding from Szram (2010) is more reputable than Lahaije et al (2010) with regards to generalising COPD patients limiting breathlessness as the sample size was much larger Miss x also suffered from urinary incontinence. Literature reveals that patients with COPD do suffer from stress incontinence of urine due to increased abdominal pressure whilst coughing (Tozun et al, 2009). However, some authors forget that inability to reach the toilet in time due to breathlessness could be the factor influencing urinary incontinence in COPD patients. Secondly, the disability caused by Miss Xs breathlessness has also had an impact on her psychological state. Numerous studies have proved that the symptoms of COPD can cause patients to be depressed and affect the quality of life. Stage et al (2009) literature review highlights that depression is common in COPD patients and about 40% of the COPD diagnosed suffer from either severe or clinical depression. The literature review also noted that mortality rate was lower in non depressed COPD patient than the depressed. In addition, she feels that she is a burden to her son and feels embarrassed on having sudden panic attacks in public whilst she is out shopping or socialising. Miss X reported that she felt devalued as she experienced being treated differently by others and also feel socially isolated. The qualitative study conducted by Berger et al (2010) confirms that COPD patients do experience stigmatisations which are triggered by self blame related to smoking, being a burden, embarrassment. Stuenkel and Wong (2009) highlight the Goffmans theory of support groups in which the patients shares similar stigma. The support group evidently has helped to feel accepted, gain moral support. The Breathe Easy support group programme Miss X attends every fortnight has helped her to reduce her stigmisation. In light of all this, Miss X does have a positive attitude to cope with her condition. She is aware that her condition is not curable but can be managed if she complies with the treatment. She is adherent to her medication and her treatment plan. Naidoo and Wills (2010) explain that the Health locus of control (HCOL) is divided into two controls; internal where people are in control of their condition and external where people are beyond control of their condition. Miss X falls under the internal HCOL as she controls her condition very well. Lastly, Miss Xs son is very worried about his mother going to have an emergency admission to the hospital again. The patients son is psychologically stressed and fells socially isolated due to financial and household commitments. However, he has been accessing support and advice from the doctors, nurses and special support groups. Moreover, the review of qualitative studies conducted by Spence et al (2008) explored the specific care needed of care givers of patients with COPD. The review confirmed that restricted activities of daily living and emotional distress were identified by the 7 subjects studied. This assignment has helped me to understand the impact COPD has on the patient, family and health care system. The skills and knowledge gained to care for the COPD patient will ensure an evidence based care will be delivered to the patient and the family. In future, whilst nursing a patient with breathlessness I will follow the guidelines as directed by the NICE guidelines as care required. I will also consider the psychological and social state of the patient on planning the care as these are the main aspects of the disease which impact the patients quality of life. To overcome any issues if countered, social issues will be referred to the social services and any psychological issues should be referred to the clinical psychologist. Finally, I have learned that educating patient and the family of services available and the disease itself is the key to aid them cope and comply with the treatment. In conclusion, the assignment overviews a journey of a patient diagnosed with emphysema with the health deviation of breathlessness. The NHS has been providing treatment and therapies to reduce the risk of patients developing emphysema. Literature reviews indicate that breathlessness can contribute to several psychosocial issues in the patients life. Word Count 2499 References List Beraden,K. (2011). Recent advances in the management of breathlessness. Indian Journal Of Palliative Care. 17 (4), 29-32. Szram et al. (2010). Breathlessness and work performance in older adults in Kent. Thorax. 65 (4), 78-79. Stuenkel, D and Wong, V. (2009). Stigma. In: Larsen,P and Lubkin,I Chronic illness: impact and intervention . 7th ed. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 57. Jong et al . (2007). Oral or IV Prednisolone in the Treatment of COPD Exacerbations* A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study. American College of Chest Physicians. 132 (1), 1741-1747. Tozun et al. (2009). Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Women and Its Impact on Quality of Life in a Semirural Area of Western Turkey. Gynecoloicand Obstetric Investigation . 67 (1), 241-249. Berger et al. (2010). The Experience of Stigma in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research. X, 1-17. Spence et al. (2008). Active carers: living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Pallative Nursing. 14 (8), Stage et al. (2006). Depression in COPD- Management and quality of life considerations. International Journal of COPD. 1 (3), 315-320. Department of Health. Consultation on a Strategy for Services for COPD in England. London: Department of Health, 2010. British Thoracic Society. Burden of Lung Disease 2006. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (update). (Clinical guideline 101.) 2010. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG101. Last Accessed 20/02/2011 Office for National Statistics. (2010). 12. General Lifestyle Survey 2008: Smoking and drinking among adults,. Available: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/GLF08/GLFSmokingDrinkingAmongAdults2008.pdf. Last accessed 20th Feb National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006). Pulmonary Rehabilitation service for patients with COPD. Available: http://www.nice.org.uk/usingguidance/commissioningguides/pulmonaryrehabilitationserviceforpatientswithcopd/pulmonaryrehabilitationservicecopd.jsp. Last accessed 20th Feb 2011. McCance et al (2010). Pathophysiology, The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. 6th ed. Missouri: ELSEVIER. 1286-1289. Nursing Midwifery Council (2008) The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives NMC, London Blackler et al (2007). Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. England: John Wiley and Sons LTD. 1-12. Damanjov Pryor,J and Prasad,S (2008). Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems:. 4th ed. UK: Elsevier. 227- 228. Mahler,D. (2007). The Physiology of breathelessness. In: Robert,A and Stockley,I Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxford: Blackwell Zhou et al . (2009). Attempts to quit smoking and relapse: Factors associated with success or failure from the ATTEMPT cohort study . Addictive Behaviors. 34 (4), 365-373. Naidoo and Wills

Essays --

ISP ESSAY Danielle Cheung If you are wondering what is The Secret by Rhonda Byrne is all about, I am going to sum up with three words; nothing is impossible, even though it takes time to manifest desires and thoughts, we should believe and have faith towards what we have asked for. Based on the law of attraction and having positive thinking, as well as following the Creative Process and feeling happy on what we are doing, claims that we can create life-changing results. The great secret of life - Law of Attraction, the most powerful law in the universe. We should learn how to use it in order to pursuit the things that we wished to happen. In addition, we should think positive in order to attract positive feeling. According to the Law of Attraction, likes attract likes, meaning that if we are basically positive in attitude, and positively in chasing our dreams, we will attract and create or situations that conform to our positive expectations. If we think positive, fantastic miracle is then going to happen so soon. Our thoughts are magnetic, and they have frequency. Why said so? We never know our minds are composed of the thoughts we think. These thoughts are like magnetic currents. If we think positively about some event, we will attract positive results. If we harbor negative thoughts, the law of attraction occurs and negativity is drawn to our life. In general, thoughts become things. We should make it absolutely clear in our minds what we want. Law of Attraction is everywhere, it will help us attracts like thoughts. Besides, having things to be nothing-is-impossible, we have to focus on things that we want but not on those we do not want. The Secret will help us manifest the things that we are thinking of.... ...g’ said by Bob Doyle, a scientist, inventor and a philosopher. To sum up, our thoughts and feelings create our life. So, nothing is impossible by learning how to master our feelings by summon them through persistent thoughts. Emotions are valuable tools that instantly tell us what we are thinking. ‘Impossible’; the word itself said ‘I’m possible’; whatever we have chosen is right. The power is all ours. Learn the most powerful theory the Law of Attraction, use it well to become our habit. Be optimistic in everything we do, also learn to use the Creative Process to attract what we want. Let go difficulties from the past, as we are the only one who can create the life we deserve. Our dreams do in fact come true, if we know the Secret. We are in the midst of glorious era. As long as we let go of limiting thoughts, we can experience humanity in every area of creation.

The American Economy in the 1920’s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst

â€Å"The Economy of 1920’s America was a bubble destined to burst† The statement that the economy of 1920’s American was a bubble destined to burst is thoroughly correct. The uprising issues of Protectionism, weak industries, weak banks, overproduction of goods and an uneven distribution of wealth meant that America was in a vicious spending spree that could only be broken by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. When one thinks of an economic depression, one first considers the banks and how they were linked to the said crash.The banks in the case of the Depression were closely related to the Wall Street Crash. In the 1920’s banks weren’t the large networks that they are today, so when they went bankrupt, there was nothing to fall back on. Banks had also loaned out far too much money keep a stable economic flow. Many Americans also decided to join in on the share market game in hopes of living out the American Dream in a â€Å"get rich quick† manner and were borrowing huge amounts of money to invest, often in an uneducated manner.As this was continuing, banks were making it possible to borrow huge sums of money and the government, still stuck in its belief of Laisseize Fare- that is, that the government would simply let the economy sort itself out without any government intervention. With this flimsy and unstable system of banking- there was bound to be a huge economic impact such as the crash. After the atrocities of World War 1, America decided it’s safest way to keep out of global issues and wars was to focus on being a self-serving country run on the idea of Protectionism.The key act of Protectionism was that tariffs were placed on imported goods, thus making American products much more appealing to its citizens. This also created a huge economic flowing acting almost exclusively nationally. However the notion of Protectionism became detrimental to America as 23 countries soon placed tariffs on American exports that were already seen as luxuries by other countries. It could be said that most other long term causes of the crash of the American economy simply snowballed off the issue of protectionism.One of the largest of these was over production. As American export rates came down, the country was met with the newfound issue of overproduction. As sales for products such as cars dropped dramatically (how many new cars could one family need? ) America still did not stop making them. There were now warehouses full of products that were either un-wanted or that couldn’t be afforded. Soon enough, many companies began to close down in a domino ffect, leaving only the products necessary to live as a profitable part of the economy. The issue of overproduction is closely linked to the un-even distribution of wealth in America. As there were only a select few who could afford to buy the luxury items companies were trying to sell, and because of the tariffs now placed on American goods, there were no exports. As 5% of the country’s population held a massive 30% of the wealth, that too was far too unstable to continue.Thus proving that the American economy was in fact, a bubble destined to burst. The final factors of the economic crash of 1929 are closely linked. The cotton, farming and railroad industries being far weaker than they seemed and the instant panic when there was any cause for concern by the American people were both such issues because of lassiz fare and the conservative government not being willing to back down on this that the economy ended up in a crisis.There were low wages for people industrial workers and farmers- (ironically enough the jobs that could have saved the economy) yet Americans were encouraged to have the highest faith in the farming, cotton and railroad industries. In 1929- the year of the crash, President Hoover himself said that America could expect a â€Å"financial triumph over property†. It was due to this huge faith and over confidence in the economy that the panic when things went a little haywire Americans were in such shock that all they wanted to do was sell their shares and get their money back.This of course was just making matters worse for themselves and their country. It is because of these factors, that it is indeed obvious that America in the 1920’s was simply a bubble destined to burst. There were too many half-thought-out ideas put into immediate motion and the lack of communication or assistance from the American government lead to the three factors that made the American crash inevitable.

5 Easy Ways You Can Avoid Job Burnout

5 Easy Ways You Can Avoid Job Burnout What are some signs job burnout is sneaking up behind you? They might not be what you’d expect†¦ and they may not even happen at work. If you’re sleeping more than usual on weekends, feeling extra distracted or forgetful when it comes to everyday tasks, snapping at family and friends, or fantasizing about ditching your life for a quiet beach somewhere, you might be coming close to your breaking point at work. After all, you probably spend most of your week in the workplace; it makes sense that any pressure you feel would start bleeding into other parts of your life as well. Once you’ve realized that you’re in the danger zone, there are small actions you can take before you explode.1. Put your calendar on a diet.Are you booked solid for the next five work days, breakfast to dinner? Are all of those meetings or appointments truly essential this week? Look at your work calendar for the next month. Try to find obligations you can move out a week or two, o r even skip altogether. Whenever possible, slip in some blocks of time for yourself, even if it’s just an hour or two to clear your head and work on specific projects without interruption. When someone sends you a new meeting invite, ask yourself, â€Å"Is this really necessary? Could a quick phone call or email resolve this instead?†2. Restructure your to-do list.Time to take a hard look at what you do every day. How many of those tasks are absolutely necessary? How many are directly related to your work goals? What would happen if you changed some weekly tasks to every two weeks? Try to create some flexibility for yourself so that you have time for absolutely essential tasks.It’s okay to say no to new requests and meetings if they would push you over the edge. Negotiate with your colleagues as necessary: â€Å"I don’t have the bandwidth to handle this on Monday, but how about we revisit this on Thursday afternoon?†3. Speak up.Be honest with your manager if you’re feeling crunched. Maybe he or she can help you come up with a game plan for easing your immediate workload or help you prioritize tasks. It’s not a sign of weakness to ask for help- it’s a sign that you’re seizing control of your work life and reorganizing before things start to slip too much. It’s so much better to stop and honestly re-evaluate early on, before deadlines have been missed or you’ve put in much less effort than you should have.]4. Treat Yourself.Maybe don’t run out and buy that gold Rolex (unless your budget allows for that, in which case go for it), but find small ways to reward yourself and distract your brain from what’s been going on at work. Have you been meaning to see that new movie before it leaves theaters? Take a night off and go†¦ and don’t forget the popcorn. Feel three weeks of tension and poor sleep building up in your shoulders? Get a massage or take that yoga class y ou’ve been skipping because you’re so busy.via [giphy.com]It doesn’t have to be a physical or costly treat- it can be as simple as scheduling time with family or friends to decompress. Laughter may not beat antibiotics when it comes to medicine, but it can work wonders for a frazzled state of mind.5. Get out of town.It can be so easy to get caught in the cycle of not taking vacation or personal days because things are too busy at work. In that mindset you may feel like you need to be there to get everything done, and then you can’t leave until the timing is right.Sad secret: the timing will probably never be perfect. In most jobs, there’s never going to be a magic lull where everything will stand still for a few days. So pick a time to take off, and commit to it. Figure out what you can reschedule while you’re out, and work with your colleagues to get coverage for the things you can’t budge. Then flee to that beach/cabin/backyard loun ge chair- and instead of running away permanently, come back refreshed and ready to start over.I promise you that your workplace will survive without you during your brief absence, and your coworkers be jazzed to have a renewed, enthusiastic colleague back on Monday morning.Some TLC is absolutely essential to keeping your work self sane and engaged. If you let stress get the best of you, you run the risk of damaging your professional life and even your personal life. It’s just not worth the risk, when you can take small (but effective!) steps to stop overwhelm before it happens.

Applied Skill for Human Services Essays

Applied Skill for Human Services Essays Applied Skill for Human Services Essay Applied Skill for Human Services Essay The field of Human Services is loosely defined. unambiguously nearing the aim of run intoing human demands through an interdisciplinary cognition base. concentrating on bar every bit good as redress of jobs. and keeping a committedness to bettering the overall quality of life of service populations. The Human Services profession is one which promotes improved service bringing systems by turn toing non merely the quality of direct services. but besides by seeking to better handiness. answerability. and coordination among professionals and bureaus in service bringing. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nationalhumanservices. org/what-is-human-services ) . Human services professional is a generic term for people who hold professional and paraprofessional occupations in such diverse scenes as group places and halfway houses ; correctional. rational disablement. and community mental wellness centres ; household. kid. and youth service bureaus. and plans concerned with alcohol addiction . drug maltreatment. household force. and aging. Depending on the employment scene and the sorts of clients served at that place. occupation rubrics and responsibilities vary a great trade. The primary intent of the human services professional is to help single and communities to map every bit efficaciously as possible in the major spheres of life. A strong desire to assist others is an of import consideration for a occupation as a human services worker. Persons who show forbearance. apprehension. and caring in their traffics with others are extremely valued by employers. Other of import personal traits include communicating accomplishments. a strong sense of duty. and the ability to pull off clip efficaciously. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nationalhumanservices. org/what-is-human-services ) . When you think about it we all are in the human service field in some manner or another. assisting person across the street. picking up something person dropped for them. assisting for the vacations. these are all ways of assisting y our fellow man/woman. The bigger difference is the profession of human service goes farther to make this every twenty-four hours non merely on a random caprice. When it comes to assisting a household on the threshold of dividing up because maltreatment. force. or any other unthinkable act against a kid will you assist or merely turn a cold shoulder. a human service worker has made a pick to set themselves as an advocator for the child/family to step in and supply a safe oasis or manner out and off from the job. When looking at Todd and Reggie. they truly are traveling through a batch individually allow entirely together as a twosome. You know off the chiropteran that this will non be a speedy twosome of Sessionss and name it a twenty-four hours. these cats have a batch of things traveling on from decease to substance maltreatment to being homosexual. which has been non every bit tabu as it has been in the past few old ages. The demand separate guidance to aerate out their ain personal issues so one time that has been dealt with so seek undertaking twosomes therapy. Classs give order to life. and every twenty-four hours. we group other people into classs based on societal and other features. This is the foundation of stereotypes. bias and. finally. favoritism. A stereotype is an overdone belief. image or distorted truth about a individual or group - a generalisation that allows for small or no single differences or societal fluctuation. Stereotypes are based on images in mass media. or reputes passed on by parents. equals and other members of society. Stereotypes can be positive or negative. A bias is an sentiment. prejudgement or attitude about a group or its single members. A bias can be positive. but in our use refers to a negative attitude. Many of the biass and favoritism are passed down to the other coevalss. When the media and parents perpetuate degrading stereotypes and images about certain groups of people tend to know apart others who belong to such groups. Peoples with autocratic personalities tend to prejudice every bit good since their thought has its base on unconscious frights. Ethnocentrism makes people to measure other people’s civilization based on their ain and they are normally leery of foreigners. Group closing which involves maintaining clear boundaries between groups with different features could be another cause. The struggle theory suggests that the people who belong to the bulk. the high societal category and the privileged groups try really hard to keep on such places. Any sort of competition particularly from the minority can convey force and struggle between them. In America. for illustration. black patients may travel to a white counsellor with negative outlooks and prejudices. A recommendation to them would be to seek heartache. intoxicant. and substance maltreatment reding aside from what they are acquiring. There may besides be other plans Reggie could look into for employment aid as he is non truly happening anything with the STARS plan. It seems as if Reggie and Todd may necessitate clip apart before they can go a twosome. They truly need to sit down and be honest with each other and see if this truly traveling anyplace or are they merely hanging on in hopes something alterations for the better. Resources hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nationalhumanservices. org/what-is-human-services hypertext transfer protocol: //www. psychologytoday. com/articles/199805/where-bias-begins-the-truth-about-stereotypes

Advertsing of commodities and cultuer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertsing of commodities and cultuer - Essay Example In advertising for commodities, one should always choose the right marketing strategy. In order for commodities to sell through good advertising, one has to ensure two very important components are checked: price and value. People only respond to commodities that are offered at low prices compared to their competitors. In addition, high value products tend to attract a good market compared to low value commodities (Forker 2012, p.34). Therefore, one has to ensure these two factors are kept at bay when deciding on proper advertising tools. According to Forker (2012), commodities can never sell when they are low value and placed at high prices. It human nature to acquire goods cheaply that he or she fins high quality. Therefore, when one intends to conduct commodity advertising, one has two place these two factors in check, Lowering of prices can only be achieved if the expense of acquiring the commodity is kept low (Forker 2012, p.88). Branding of the commodities is one of the key ways in which one can ensure the commodities sale. Branding basically refers to making the given commodity unique to the consumers (Jackson 2005, p.76). Branding can be achieved through making the commodity highly sort after based on the qualities which it has. One basically needs to be aware of the market which one is targeting. Knowing the target market can be useful in knowing their taste and preference in order to tone down the commodities to the level which satisfies the clients need. In branding, one has to create a unique image that will give your commodity an upper hand over the competitors (Jackson 2005, p.46). In addition, one would have to identify reasons as to why customers purchase commodities from your competitors and try to eliminate them. Commodities that have been branded generally have a good impact of attracting and retaining clients who are attached to it (Jackson 2005, p.88). Brands creates things which people are a ble to associate and relate with. Culture has

Human Resource Management and Development Case Study

Human Resource Management and Development - Case Study Example Currently, siemens has a staff of more than 400,000 employees. (Siemens Worldwide, n.d) Siemens recognizes that its employees are the key to its success. It thus concentrates on knowledge and learning. "Our corporate culture is defined by diversity, by open dialogue and mutual respect, and by clear goals and decisive leadership." The research on Siemens was done via an interview with the HRM manager of the Riyadh Office of Siemens, Saudi Arabia. He gave informative insight various aspects of HRM including recruitment, training and development, promotions, and salaries and benefits. According to the HRM manager interviewed, Siemens looks for employees who are innovative, and have the capability to come up with new and creative ideas and solutions. Innovation is the key to survival for a company such as this, as it faces fierce competition by numerous firms, e.g. ABB Ltd, General Electric Co., and Schneider Electric SA. (YAHOO Finance, 2008) Siemens carries out workforce planning which is similar to that of National Grid, as outlined in the Case "Developing skills in a large organization through training and development". ... Confidence; to put forward unconventional ideas and have the ability to argue in their favor. Ability to work effectively in a team; the candidate must be an active and productive team player. This can be gauged from past proffesional or academic experience. Leadership qualities Reaction to crisis situations; how will the candidate respond to an unexpected crisis, how fast will he/she take to bounce back, and will he/she be able to effectively lead others through trying times Technical skills; the candidates must be proficient in working with required Information Technology. All these qualities are important as they are believed to contribute to a competive advantage to the firm. Workforce Planning Siemens carries out workforce planning which is similar to that of National Grid, as outlined in the Case "Developing skills in a large organization through training and development". Siemens evaluates its workforce, and on the basis of that evaluation determines whether or not it has the required technical man power to achieve its objectives for a given period of time. If it does not, it either plans out a training program for its existing employees, or recruits new ones. Training Training for new recruits falls into two categories: 1. Fresh graduates with no professiona work experience udergo a training programme with lasts 12 months. 2. New recruits who hace had prior work experience in other organizations for a period of more than a year undergo traning for a period of 6 months. This training method is somewhat similar to the one carried out by Marks and Spencer's, as outlined in the Case "The role of training and development in career progression", in that they, too, have a specific training period